Fetoscopic surgery in myelomeningocele

Abstract

Myelomeningocele affects 17,8 in 100 000 newborns. It is one of the ten leading causes of death in children under the age of 10 in Mexico and it is associated with high cognitive, sensory and motor morbidity. Studies in animals and, later, the Management of Myelomeningocele Study (MOMS), showed that the repair of prenatal neural tube defects decreases the risk of hydrocephalus and improves motor function at the age of 30 months. Prenatal fetal surgery for myelomeningocele described in MOMS is performed through hysterotomy, and is associated to significant maternal and fetal morbidity. Thus, the therapeutic approach has evolved to fetoscopic techniques with less maternal and fetal complications and better perinatal results. In this section, we describe the different fetoscopic techniques, their evolution, advantages and disadvantages, and the challenges for fetal surgical techniques in the future.